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NEET-NCERT-Microbes are present everywhere – in soil, water, air, inside our bodies and thatof other animals and plants. They are present even at siteswhere no other life-form could possibly exist–sites suchas deep inside the geysers (thermal vents) where thetemperature may be as high as 100 C, deep in the soil,under the layers of snow several metres thick, and in highlyacidic environments. Microbes are diverse–protozoa,bacteria, fungi and microscopic animal and plant viruses,viroids and also prions that are proteinaceous infectious agents.

Microbe Type Examples Habitat Special Conditions Cultivation Protozoa – Soil, water, inside bodies of animals…

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NEET-NCERT-The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. In conifers, the needle-like leavesreduce the surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata alsohelp to reduce water loss

Pinus and Cycas Comparison Category Pinus Cycas MCQs Correct Answer General Description Pinus, commonly known…

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The gymnosperms (gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds) are plants in whichthe ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, bothbefore and after fertilisation. The seeds that develop post-fertilisation, arenot covered, i.e., are naked.

Gymnosperms Table Category Description MCQs Correct Answer Definition Gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperma: seeds) are a…

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The Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants topossess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions.

Feature Description General Characteristics of Pteridophyta Common Name Pteridophytes Groups Included Horsetails and ferns Uses…

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During replication and transcription a nucleic acid was copied to form another nucleic acid. Hence, these processes are easy to conceptualise on the basis of complementarity. The process of translation requires transfer of genetic information from a polymer of nucleotides to synthesise a polymer of amino acids. Neither does any complementarity exist between nucleotides and amino acids, nor could any be drawn theoretically. There existed ample evidences, though, to support the notion that change in nucleic acids (genetic material) were responsible for change in amino acidsin proteins. This led to the proposition of a genetic code that could directthe sequence of amino acids during synthesis of proteins.

Concept Description Genetic Code The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material…

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The split-gene arrangements represent probably an ancientfeature of the genome. The presence of introns is reminiscent of antiquity,and the process of splicing represents the dominance of RNA-world. In recent times, the understanding of RNA and RNA-dependent processes in the living system have assumed more importance.

Aspect Description Distinguishing RNA Subsets In early cells that lacked DNA, a crucial problem was…

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Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear).

Feature Description General Characteristics of Algae Common Name Algae Habitat Aquatic (freshwater and marine), moist…

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NCERT-NEET-Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills

Feature Description Common Name Bryophytes Habitat Moist, shaded areas, damp, humid localities, hills, stream banks,…

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NCERT-NEET-An intriguing question is that how is the RNA polymerases able to catalyse all the three steps, which are initiation, elongation and termination. The RNA polymerase is only capable of catalysing the process of elongation. It associates transiently with initiation-factor (σ)and termination-factor (ρ) to initiate and terminate the transcription, respectively. Association with these factors alter the specificity of theRNA polymerase to either initiate or terminate

Feature Description Definition The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into…

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NCERT-NEET-During the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte.

Life Cycle Type Definition Mitosis and Meiosis Sporophyte Gametophyte Examples (Haplontic) Organism spends most of…

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