Stage/Process Details 1. Development – Development is the sum of two processes: Growth and Differentiation. – Begins from the Zygote (fertilized egg). – Follows a precise and highly ordered succession of events. – Forms a complex body organization that produces roots, leaves, branches, flowers, fruits, and seeds. – Ends with death after maturation. 2. Cell […]
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Factor Description Light Quality Photosynthesis primarily uses red (650-700 nm) and blue (400-500 nm) light wavelengths, affecting the efficiency of photosynthesis. Light Intensity The rate of CO2 fixation increases with light intensity up to a point. Beyond this point, chlorophyll can degrade, reducing photosynthesis. Saturation Point (Light Intensity) Shade-loving plants reach light saturation at around
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Electron Carrier Redox Potential (mV) Water (H₂O) +820 mV P680 (PSII reaction center) +1,200 mV Pheophytin (Pheo) -500 mV Plastoquinone (PQ) +80 mV Cytochrome b6f complex +300 mV Plastocyanin (PC) +370 mV P700 (PSI reaction center) +600 mV A₀ (first acceptor in PSI) -1,100 mV A₁ (Phylloquinone) -800 mV Iron-sulfur clusters (FX, FA, FB) -705
Category Type Number of Species Animals Total 10,50,000 Vertebrates 52,500 Fishes 25,000 Amphibians 5,750 Reptiles 7,500 Birds 9,000 Mammals 4,500 Insects 7,50,000 Crustaceans 70,000 Mollusca 85,000 Other Invertebrates 1,25,000 Plants Angiosperms 2,50,000 Fungi 69,000 Bryophytes 16,600 Algae 27,000 Pteridophytes (Ferns) 10,000 Gymnosperms 600
Category Details Introduction An alien would be amazed by the enormous diversity of life on Earth. Humans also find this diversity astonishing, with more than 20,000 species of ants, 300,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes, and nearly 20,000 species of orchids. Ecologists’ Key Questions Why are there so many species? Did such great
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Concept Description Community Response to Environment Communities change in composition and structure over time in response to changing environmental conditions. This change is orderly, sequential, and leads to a climax community, which is in near equilibrium with the environment. Ecological Succession The gradual and predictable change in species composition of a given area over time.
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Concept/Reason Explanation Standing Crop The standing crop refers to the total biomass of organisms (like phytoplankton) present in an ecosystem at a given moment. In marine ecosystems, the standing crop of phytoplankton is small, but this doesn’t limit their ability to support consumers. Turnover Rate Turnover rate refers to how quickly organisms (like phytoplankton) are
Plant Tissues: Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissues Plant tissues fall into two general categories: meristematic tissue, and permanent (or non-meristematic) tissue… Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant… Ground tissue carries out different functions based
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Parenchyma Cells – Isodiametric Nature The Cells of the Parenchyma are Generally Isodiametric. Why? When we talk about parenchyma cells, a common description is that they are isodiametric—meaning that their dimensions (length, width, and height) are more or less equal. But why are these cells structured this way, and what purpose does it serve? What
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