NCERT – Plant Morphology – Examples and Characters – NCERT-Part by Part

Root Examples

Number	Example	Root Detail
1	Mustard	Tap root system
2	Wheat	Fibrous root system
3	Grass	Adventitious roots
4	Monstera	Adventitious roots
5	Banyan tree	Adventitious roots (prop roots)
6	Maize	Support roots (stilt roots)
7	Sugarcane	Support roots (stilt roots)
8	Rhizophora	Pneumatophores
9	Carrot	Storage roots
10	Turnip	Storage roots
11	Sweet potato	Adventitious roots (storage roots)
12	Asparagus	Adventitious roots (storage roots)
13	Maize	Supporting roots (stilt roots)
14	Sugarcane	Supporting roots (stilt roots)
15	Rhizophora	Pneumatophores

Number	Example	Stem Character
16	Potato	Storage stems- Tuber
17	Ginger	Storage stems – Rhizome
18	Turmeric	Storage stems – Rhizome
19	Zaminkand	Storage stems
20	Colocasia	Storage stems -Corm
21	Gourds	Stem tendrils, modification of axillary buds
22	Grapevines	Stem tendrils, modification of axillary buds
23	Citrus	Thorns, modification of axillary buds
24	Bougainvillea	Thorns, modification of axillary buds
25	Opuntia	Flattened stems-modified to carry out photosynthesis – Phylloclade
26	Euphorbia	Fleshy cylindrical stems modified to carry out photosynthesis
27	Grass	Underground stems became Runner
28	Strawberry	Underground stems became Runner
29	Mint	Stolon
30	Jasmine	Stolon
31	Pistia	Offset – rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots
32	Eichhornia	Offset – rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots
33	Banana	Sucker – Underground stems – grow horizontally beneath the soil and then come out obliquely upward
34	Pineapple	Sucker – Underground stems – grow horizontally beneath the soil and then come out obliquely upward
35	Chrysanthemum	Sucker – Underground stems – grow horizontally beneath the soil and then come out obliquely upward

Number	Example	Leaf Character
36	Neem	Pinnately compound leaf
37	Silk cotton	Palmately compound leaf
38	China rose	Alternate phyllotaxy
39	Mustard	Alternate phyllotaxy
40	Sunflower	Alternate phyllotaxy
41	Calotropis	Opposite phyllotaxy
42	Guava	Opposite phyllotaxy
43	Alstonia	Whorled phyllotaxy
44	Peas	Leaves are Modified into tendrils
45	Cacti	Leaves are Modified into spines
46	Onion	Storage leaves (Leaf bases)
47	Garlic	Storage leaves
48	Australian acacia	Expanded petioles for food synthesis – Phyllode
49	Pitcher plant	Modified into insect-trapping leaves
50	Venus-fly trap	Modified into insect-trapping leaves

Number	Example	Flower Character
51	Mustard	Superior ovary / Hypogynous flower
52	China rose	Monoadelphous stamens / Hypogynous/ Superior ovary
53	Brinjal	Superior ovary / Hypogynous flower
54	Plum	Half-inferior ovary / Perigynous flower
55	Rose	Half-inferior ovary / Perigynous flower
56	Peach	Half-inferior ovary / Perigynous flower
57	Guava	Inferior ovary / Epigynous flower
58	Cucumber	Inferior ovary / Epigynous flower
59	Sunflower	Inferior ovary / Epigynous flower

Number	Example	Category
78	China rose	Monoadelphous (Androecium)
79	Pea	Diadelphous (Androecium)
80	Citrus	Polyadelphous (Androecium)
81	Salvia	Didynamous – Varying Length of Filaments (Androecium)
82	Mustard	Tetradynamous – Varying Length of Filaments (Androecium)
83	Lotus	Apocarpous (Gynoecium)
84	Rose	Apocarpous (Gynoecium)
85	Mustard	Syncarpous (Gynoecium)
86	Tomato	Syncarpous (Gynoecium)
87	Pea	Marginal (Placentation)
88	China rose	Axile (Placentation)
89	Tomato	Axile (Placentation)
90	Lemon	Axile (Placentation)
91	Mustard	Parietal (Placentation)
92	Argemone	Parietal (Placentation)
93	Dianthus	Free Central (Placentation)
94	Primrose	Free Central (Placentation)
95	Sunflower	Basal (Placentation)
96	Marigold	Basal (Placentation)

Number	Plant Example	Type of Fruit	Fruit Characteristics
97	Mango	Drupe	Fleshy
98	Coconut	Drupe	Fleshy
99	Apple	Pome	Fleshy
100	Peach	Drupe	Fleshy
101	Cherry	Drupe	Fleshy
102	Olive	Drupe	Fleshy
103	Plum	Drupe	Fleshy
104	Apricot	Drupe	Fleshy
105	Avocado	Drupe	Fleshy
106	Pear	Pome	Fleshy
107	Orange	Hesperidium	Fleshy
108	Banana	Berry	Fleshy
109	Grapes	Berry	Fleshy
110	Watermelon	Pepo	Fleshy
111	Pumpkin	Pepo	Fleshy
112	Tomato	Berry	Fleshy
113	Strawberry	Aggregate	Fleshy
114	Blackberry	Aggregate	Fleshy
115	Raspberry	Aggregate	Fleshy
116	Fig	Multiple	Fleshy
117	Capsicum (Bell Pepper)	Berry	Fleshy
118	Peas	Legume	Dry Dehiscent
119	Beans	Legume	Dry Dehiscent
120	Capsules	Capsule	Dry Dehiscent
121	Poppy	Capsule	Dry Dehiscent
122	Okra	Dehiscent	Dry Dehiscent
123	Castor	Dehiscent	Dry Dehiscent
124	Peony	Indehiscent	Dry Indehiscent
125	Sunflower	Cypsela	Dry Indehiscent
126	Corn (Maize)	Caryopsis	Dry Indehiscent
127	Wheat	Caryopsis	Dry Indehiscent
128	Rice	Caryopsis	Dry Indehiscent
129	Barley	Caryopsis	Dry Indehiscent
130	Wheatgrass	Caryopsis	Dry Indehiscent
131	Blueberry	Berry	Fleshy
132	Cranberry	Berry	Fleshy
133	Kiwi	Berry	Fleshy
134	Passion Fruit	Berry	Fleshy
135	Dragon Fruit	Berry	Fleshy
136	Papaya	Berry	Fleshy
137	Guava	Berry	Fleshy
138	Mulberry	Multiple	Fleshy
139	Jackfruit	Multiple	Fleshy
140	Pineapple	Multiple	Fleshy
141	Blackcurrant	Berry	Fleshy

Number	Example	Type of Seed
142	Wheat	Monocotyledonous (Endospermic)
143	Maize	Monocotyledonous (Endospermic)
144	Barley	Monocotyledonous (Endospermous)
145	Pea	Dicotyledonous (Non-endospermous)
146	Maize	Monocotyledonous (Endospermic)
147	Gram	Dicotyledonous (Non-endospermous)
148	Pea	Dicotyledonous (Non-endospermous)
149	Orchid	Monocotyledonous (Non-endospermous)
150	Coconut	Endospermic

Family Comparison

Slide 1

Number	Example	Stem Character
1	Mustard	Tap root system

Number	Example	Stem Character
2	Wheat	Fibrous root system