NCERT-Endocrine-CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

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Protist Group Comparison

Hormone Name	Gland Name	Nature	Released Stimulated by Hormone	Function on Specific Gland/Organ/System	Role in Regulation of	Result of Hyposecretion	Result of Hypersecretion
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)	Hypothalamus	Peptide	–	Stimulates pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins	Regulates pituitary hormone secretion	May lead to infertility, delayed puberty, or reproductive disorders	May result in precocious puberty or reproductive disorders
Somatostatin	Hypothalamus	Peptide	–	Inhibits release of growth hormone from pituitary	Regulates growth hormone secretion	May lead to excessive growth hormone secretion	May result in reduced growth hormone levels
Growth hormone (GH)	Anterior pituitary (Pars distalis)	Protein	Stimulated by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)	Stimulates growth of bones and tissues	Regulates growth and metabolism	May lead to pituitary dwarfism if deficient	May lead to gigantism or acromegaly if excessive
Prolactin (PRL)	Anterior pituitary (Pars distalis)	Protein	Stimulated by prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)	Regulates mammary gland growth and milk production	Regulates lactation	May result in inadequate milk production	May lead to excessive milk production or galactorrhea
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)	Anterior pituitary (Pars distalis)	Glycoprotein	Stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)	Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones	Regulates thyroid function	May result in hypothyroidism	May lead to hyperthyroidism
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)	Anterior pituitary (Pars distalis)	Peptide	Stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)	Stimulates synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex	Regulates adrenal cortex function	May result in adrenal insufficiency	May lead to excessive adrenal cortex activity
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)	Anterior pituitary (Pars distalis)	Glycoprotein	Stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)	Stimulates gonadal activity, ovulation, and corpus luteum maintenance	Regulates reproductive function	May lead to reproductive disorders or infertility	May result in excessive gonadal activity
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)	Anterior pituitary (Pars distalis)	Glycoprotein	Stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)	Stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles	Regulates reproductive function	May lead to reproductive disorders or infertility	May result in excessive gonadal activity
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)	Anterior pituitary (Pars intermedia)	Peptide	Stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)	Regulates pigmentation of the skin	Regulates skin pigmentation	May result in abnormal skin pigmentation	May lead to excessive skin pigmentation
Oxytocin	Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)	Peptide	Stimulated by neural signals (e.g., during childbirth or breastfeeding)	Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection	Regulates uterine contractions and lactation	May lead to ineffective contractions during childbirth	May result in excessive uterine contractions or milk ejection
Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH)	Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)	Peptide	Stimulated by high plasma osmolarity, low blood volume, or stress	Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys and vasoconstriction	Regulates water balance and blood pressure	May lead to diabetes insipidus (excessive urination and thirst)	May result in water retention and increased blood pressure

EXTRA Endocrine System Hormones

Name of Hormone	Gland Name	Nature	Released/Stimulated by Hormone	Function on Specific Gland/Organ/System	Role in Regulation of	Result of Hypersecretion	Result of Hyposecretion
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)	Hypothalamus	Peptide	Stimulates pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins	Regulates synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones	Anterior Pituitary Function	Precocious puberty, infertility	Delayed puberty, hypogonadism
Growth Hormone (GH)	Pituitary Gland (Anterior)	Peptide	N/A	Regulates growth, metabolism	Body Growth, Metabolism	Gigantism (Children), Acromegaly (Adults)	Pituitary Dwarfism
Melatonin	Pineal Gland	Peptide	N/A	Regulates diurnal rhythms, sleep-wake cycle	Diurnal Rhythms	N/A	N/A
Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)	Thyroid Gland	Steroid	N/A	Regulates metabolism, growth, development	Metabolism, Growth	Hyperthyroidism	Hypothyroidism
Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)	Thyroid Gland	Peptide	N/A	Regulates blood calcium levels	Calcium Metabolism	N/A	N/A
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)	Parathyroid Gland	Peptide	N/A	Increases blood calcium levels	Calcium Metabolism	Hypercalcemia	Hypocalcemia
Thymosins	Thymus Gland	Peptide	N/A	Regulates immune system, T-cell differentiation	Immune System	N/A	Weak immune response
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine	Adrenal Medulla	Peptide	N/A	Stimulates fight-or-flight response, increases heart rate, respiration	Stress Response	Hypertension, Anxiety	N/A
Cortisol	Adrenal Cortex	Steroid	N/A	Regulates metabolism, stress response	Metabolism, Stress Response	Cushing’s Syndrome	Adrenal Insufficiency
Aldosterone	Adrenal Cortex	Steroid	N/A	Regulates sodium and potassium levels, blood pressure	Electrolyte Balance	Hyperaldosteronism	Hypoaldosteronism
Glucagon	Pancreas (Alpha Cells)	Peptide	N/A	Increases blood glucose levels	Blood Glucose Regulation	Hyperglycemia	Hypoglycemia
Insulin	Pancreas (Beta Cells)	Peptide	N/A	Decreases blood glucose levels	Blood Glucose Regulation	Hypoglycemia	Hyperglycemia
Testosterone	Testis	Steroid	N/A	Regulates male secondary sexual characteristics, spermatogenesis	Male Reproductive System	Virilization (Females)	Hypogonadism
Estrogen	Ovary (Graafian Follicle)	Steroid	N/A	Regulates female secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle	Female Reproductive System	Menstrual irregularities	Hypogonadism
Progesterone	Ovary (Corpus Luteum)	Steroid	N/A	Regulates menstrual cycle, prepares uterus for pregnancy	Female Reproductive System	Menstrual irregularities	Hypogonadism
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)	Placenta	Peptide	N/A	Maintains corpus luteum, supports pregnancy	Pregnancy	N/A	N/A
Aldosterone	Kidney (Adrenal Cortex)	Steroid	N/A	Regulates sodium and potassium levels, blood pressure	Electrolyte Balance	Hyperaldosteronism	Hypoaldosteronism
Erythropoietin (EPO)	Kidney (Juxtaglomerular Cells)	Peptide	N/A	Stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)	Erythropoiesis	Anemia, decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood	N/A
Gastrin	Gastrointestinal Tract	Peptide	N/A	Stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen from gastric glands	Gastric function	N/A	N/A
Secretin	Gastrointestinal Tract	Peptide	N/A	Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions from pancreas	Pancreatic and gastric function	N/A	N/A
Cholecystokinin (CCK)	Gastrointestinal Tract	Peptide	N/A	Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice from pancreas and gall bladder	Pancreatic and gallbladder function	N/A	N/A
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)	Gastrointestinal Tract	Peptide	N/A	Inhibits gastric secretion and motility	Gastric function	N/A	N/A