Plant Kingdom – BSI SIR

Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution. Assertion – In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes depend on the sporophyte.

free, NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Assertion & Reason: Gametophyte Dependence in Gymnosperms Assertion (A): In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes depend on the sporophyte. Reason (R): Gymnosperms are universally heterosporous. Explanation: 1. What is Needed for an Independent Gametophyte? For a gametophyte to be independent, it should: Be able to grow outside the sporophyte’s body. Have its own nutrition […]

Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution. Assertion – In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes depend on the sporophyte. Read More »

NCERT-NEET-A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of a fungus with a root system.

Biological Classification, MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE, NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Mycorrhiza and Plant Symbiosis Table Aspect Details Symbiotic Association Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. Fungal Role in Mycorrhiza The fungal filaments either form a network around young roots or penetrate root cells, significantly increasing the surface area for absorbing water and minerals. Plant Benefits Plants receive minerals (like phosphorus) and

NCERT-NEET-A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of a fungus with a root system. Read More »

NEET-NCERT-The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. In conifers, the needle-like leavesreduce the surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata alsohelp to reduce water loss

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Pinus and Cycas Comparison Category Pinus Cycas MCQs Correct Answer General Description Pinus, commonly known as pine trees, are evergreen conifers found in many parts of the world. They are known for their needle-like leaves and produce cones as their reproductive structures. Cycas are a genus of gymnosperms with palm-like leaves. They are ancient plants

NEET-NCERT-The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. In conifers, the needle-like leavesreduce the surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata alsohelp to reduce water loss Read More »

The gymnosperms (gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds) are plants in whichthe ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, bothbefore and after fertilisation. The seeds that develop post-fertilisation, arenot covered, i.e., are naked.

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Gymnosperms Table Category Description MCQs Correct Answer Definition Gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperma: seeds) are a group of plants where the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. Instead, the seeds are exposed or “naked.” 1. What does “gymnos” mean in gymnosperms? a) Seed b) Plant c) Naked d) Enclosed 2. What does “sperma” mean in

The gymnosperms (gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds) are plants in whichthe ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, bothbefore and after fertilisation. The seeds that develop post-fertilisation, arenot covered, i.e., are naked. Read More »

The Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants topossess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions.

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Feature Description General Characteristics of Pteridophyta Common Name Pteridophytes Groups Included Horsetails and ferns Uses Medicinal purposes, soil-binders, ornamental plants Evolutionary Significance First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) Habitat Cool, damp, shady places; some in sandy-soil conditions Dominant Phase Sporophyte (differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves) Leaves Small (microphylls) as

The Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants topossess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions. Read More »

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear).

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Feature Description General Characteristics of Algae Common Name Algae Habitat Aquatic (freshwater and marine), moist stones, soils, wood, in association with fungi (lichen), on animals (e.g., sloth bear) Plant Kingdom Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic organisms Form and Size Highly variable, from colonial forms (Volvox) to filamentous forms (Ulothrix, Spirogyra), massive plant bodies (kelps) Vegetative Reproduction

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear). Read More »

NCERT-NEET-Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Feature Description Common Name Bryophytes Habitat Moist, shaded areas, damp, humid localities, hills, stream banks, marshy ground, damp soil, tree bark Plant Kingdom Amphibians of the plant kingdom (live in soil, dependent on water for sexual reproduction) Role in Plant Succession Important in plant succession on bare rocks/soil Plant Body Thallus-like, prostrate or erect, attached

NCERT-NEET-Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills Read More »

NCERT-NEET-During the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte.

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Life Cycle Type Definition Mitosis and Meiosis Sporophyte Gametophyte Examples (Haplontic) Organism spends most of its life cycle in the haploid (n) stage. The only diploid (2n) stage is the zygote, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Mitosis occurs in the haploid phase. Meiosis is zygotic, occurring in the diploid zygote to produce haploid

NCERT-NEET-During the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte. Read More »

NCERT-NEET-Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on slothbear).

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Algae and their Main Characteristics Category Description Examples Habitat Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, and largely aquatic (both freshwater and marine) organisms. They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils, and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear). Lichen, Marine algae (on sloth

NCERT-NEET-Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on slothbear). Read More »

NCERT-NEET-classification within angiosperms to understand some of the concerns that influenced the classification systems. The earliest systems of classification used only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure (system given by Linnaeus). Such systems were artificial; they separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristics. Also, the artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment

NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

Name of System Given by Basis Merits Drawbacks Artificial System Linnaeus Gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves; based mainly on vegetative characters or androecium structure Simple and easy to use Quick identification Separates closely related species based on a few characteristics Gives equal weightage to vegetative and sexual

NCERT-NEET-classification within angiosperms to understand some of the concerns that influenced the classification systems. The earliest systems of classification used only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure (system given by Linnaeus). Such systems were artificial; they separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristics. Also, the artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment Read More »