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Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear).

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear).

/ NCERT LINE BY LINE, Plant Kingdom, pre-class / By Prof. Siddharth Sanghvi

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Feature Description
General Characteristics of Algae
Common Name Algae
Habitat Aquatic (freshwater and marine), moist stones, soils, wood, in association with fungi (lichen), on animals (e.g., sloth bear)
Plant Kingdom Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic organisms
Form and Size Highly variable, from colonial forms (Volvox) to filamentous forms (Ulothrix, Spirogyra), massive plant bodies (kelps)
Vegetative Reproduction By fragmentation, each fragment develops into a thallus
Asexual Reproduction By production of spores, most common being zoospores (flagellated, motile), germinate to form new plants
Sexual Reproduction By fusion of gametes, can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous
Isogamous Reproduction Fusion of similar gametes, flagellated (e.g., Ulothrix) or non-flagellated (e.g., Spirogyra)
Anisogamous Reproduction Fusion of dissimilar gametes, e.g., Eudorina
Oogamous Reproduction Fusion of one large non-motile female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete, e.g., Volvox, Fucus
Economic Importance Significant for CO2 fixation, primary producers of energy-rich compounds, food sources (e.g., Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum), hydrocolloids (e.g., algin, carrageen), agar production, protein-rich food supplements (e.g., Chlorella)
Ecological Importance Increase dissolved oxygen through photosynthesis, basis of aquatic food cycles
Divisions Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae
Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
Common Name Green algae
Plant Body Unicellular, colonial, or filamentous; grass green due to chlorophyll a and b
Chloroplasts Discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, or ribbon-shaped
Storage Bodies Pyrenoids (protein and starch)
Cell Wall Rigid, inner layer of cellulose, outer layer of pectose
Reproduction Vegetative (fragmentation), asexual (flagellated zoospores), sexual (isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous)
Examples Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara
Major Pigments Chlorophyll a, b
Stored Food Starch
Flagellar Number and Position 2-8, equal, apical
Habitat Freshwater, brackish water, salt water
Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
Common Name Brown algae
Habitat Primarily marine
Plant Body Simple branched forms (Ectocarpus) to profusely branched kelps (up to 100 meters); usually attached to substratum by a holdfast, with a stalk (stipe) and leaf-like photosynthetic organ (frond)
Pigments Chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, xanthophylls (fucoxanthin)
Colour Olive green to brown
Storage Food Laminarin, mannitol
Cell Wall Cellulosic, covered with gelatinous coating of algin
Vegetative Reproduction By fragmentation
Asexual Reproduction By biflagellate zoospores, pear-shaped with two unequal laterally attached flagella
Sexual Reproduction May be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous; union of gametes can occur in water or within the oogonium (oogamous species); gametes are pyriform with two laterally attached flagella
Examples Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus
Major Pigments Chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin
Stored Food Mannitol, laminarin
Flagellar Number and Position 2, unequal, lateral
Habitat Freshwater, brackish water, salt water
Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
Common Name Red algae
Habitat Marine, found in warmer areas, at various depths
Plant Body Multicellular, some with complex body organisation
Pigments Chlorophyll a, d, phycoerythrin
Stored Food Floridean starch (similar to amylopectin and glycogen)
Cell Wall Cellulose, pectin, and poly sulfate esters
Reproduction Vegetative (fragmentation), asexual (non-motile spores), sexual (oogamous with complex post-fertilization developments)
Examples Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium
Major Pigments Chlorophyll a, d, phycoerythrin
Stored Food Floridean starch
Flagellar Number and Position Absent
Habitat Freshwater (some), brackish water, salt water (most)
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