Primary Cell Wall Card “The primary cell wall in plants is capable of growth, which gradually diminishes.” EXplnation of Lines – From NCERT 🌱 What is the Primary Cell Wall? The primary cell wall is the first layer of the cell wall that is formed in young, growing plant cells. It is: Thin, flexible, and […]
✅ Clear Differences Between Taxon, Category, and Rank Term Meaning Example Key Point Taxon Any group of organisms classified as a unit. It is the actual biological group. Homo sapiens, Felis, Mammalia Real group of organisms with common features. Category Abstract level or position in the classification system. Species, Genus, Family, Class, etc. A level
Biology is the science of life forms and living processes. Biology is the study of living things—how they function, how they are structured, and how they interact. It deals with all processes that sustain life. The living world comprises an amazing diversity of living organisms. Life on Earth exists in many forms, from tiny bacteria
Living World – first unit -Introduction – NCERT-Explanation Read More »
Cell Cycle Regulation Cell Cycle Regulation: Checkpoints, Regulators & Cancer Biology 1. Cell Cycle Checkpoints G1/S Phase Checkpoint: Ensures the cell is ready for DNA replication. G2/M Phase Checkpoint: Verifies DNA has been accurately duplicated without damage. Spindle Checkpoint (also known as M Checkpoint): Confirms chromosomes are attached correctly to the spindle microtubules for equal
Cytoskeleton Types and Comparison Table Category Microtubules (Tubulin Polymers) Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) Intermediate Filaments (Keratin, Lamin) Structure Hollow tubes (13 columns of tubulin dimers) Two intertwined strands of actin Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables Diameter 25 nm (15 nm lumen) 7 nm 8–12 nm Protein Subunits Tubulin (α-tubulin + β-tubulin) Actin Keratin, Lamin, others
Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Microfilaments, cilia, flagella, Centriole – NCERT EXTENDED Read More »
In Sparged stirred-tank bioreactor, the stirrer facilitates mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor – NCERT Simple Stirred Tank Bioreactor Oxygen enters only at the liquid surface. Agitator helps mixing but no air sparging. Best for low oxygen-demand processes. Lower oxygen transfer efficiency. Sparged Stirred Tank Bioreactor Sterile air is sparged directly into liquid. Agitator
Pollen Germination Terms Pollen Germination: Terms Explained Question Germination of pollen grain on stigma is: (1) ex-situ (2) in-situ (3) in-vivo (4) More than one correct Answer ✅ Correct Answer: (2) in-situ and (3) in-vivo ➡️ So, option (4) “More than one correct” is the right choice. Explanation Germination on stigma happens inside the flower
Germination of pollen grain on stigma is – in-situ and in-vivo. how ? Read More »
Adaptive Evolution in Nature: The Fascinating Case of Darwin’s Finches and Australian Marsupials An in-depth look into how two distinct ecosystems, the Galápagos Islands and Australia, shaped the evolution of species through adaptation. Evolutionary Concepts Convergent Evolution Unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. Example: Placental mammals & Australian marsupials. Divergent Evolution
NCERT-Convergent Evolution of Mammal—Diagram Explained-NEW EDITION Read More »
NADH Oxidation: Fermentation vs Aerobic Respiration Fermentation (Anaerobic) Final electron acceptor: Organic molecules (e.g., pyruvate) Oxidation of NADH is slow Less energy released (ΔG less negative) ~0 ATP produced directly from NADH Occurs in cytoplasm Aerobic Respiration Final electron acceptor: Oxygen (O₂) Oxidation of NADH is vigorous and fast Large energy release (ΔG highly negative)
The Evolutionary Saga of Plants 🌿 The Evolutionary Saga of Plants Plants have shaped Earth’s history, transforming its atmosphere, biodiversity, and ecosystems. Their journey from **simple aquatic algae** to **complex flowering plants** is a story of adaptation, survival, and dominance. 🌍 Paleozoic Era: The Dawn of Land Plants (541–252 MYA) 🟢 Silurian Period (443–419 MYA):
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