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The Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants topossess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions.

The Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants topossess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions.

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Feature Description General Characteristics of Pteridophyta Common Name Pteridophytes Groups Included Horsetails and ferns Uses Medicinal purposes, soil-binders, ornamental plants Evolutionary Significance First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) Habitat Cool, damp, shady places; some in sandy-soil conditions Dominant Phase Sporophyte (differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves) Leaves Small (microphylls) as […]

The Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants topossess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions. Read More »

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear).

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear).

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Feature Description General Characteristics of Algae Common Name Algae Habitat Aquatic (freshwater and marine), moist stones, soils, wood, in association with fungi (lichen), on animals (e.g., sloth bear) Plant Kingdom Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic organisms Form and Size Highly variable, from colonial forms (Volvox) to filamentous forms (Ulothrix, Spirogyra), massive plant bodies (kelps) Vegetative Reproduction

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear). Read More »

NCERT-NEET-Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills

NCERT-NEET-Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills

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Feature Description Common Name Bryophytes Habitat Moist, shaded areas, damp, humid localities, hills, stream banks, marshy ground, damp soil, tree bark Plant Kingdom Amphibians of the plant kingdom (live in soil, dependent on water for sexual reproduction) Role in Plant Succession Important in plant succession on bare rocks/soil Plant Body Thallus-like, prostrate or erect, attached

NCERT-NEET-Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills Read More »

NCERT-NEET-During the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte.

NCERT-NEET-During the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte.

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Life Cycle Type Definition Mitosis and Meiosis Sporophyte Gametophyte Examples (Haplontic) Organism spends most of its life cycle in the haploid (n) stage. The only diploid (2n) stage is the zygote, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Mitosis occurs in the haploid phase. Meiosis is zygotic, occurring in the diploid zygote to produce haploid

NCERT-NEET-During the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte. Read More »

NCERT-NEET-Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds of bacteria are present in a handful of soil. They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life forms can survive. Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites

NCERT-NEET-Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds of bacteria are present in a handful of soil. They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life forms can survive. Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites

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Category Description General Characteristics Bacteria are the sole members of Kingdom Monera. They are the most abundant micro-organisms, found almost everywhere, including extreme habitats (hot springs, deserts, snow, deep oceans). Many are parasitic. Shapes of Bacteria – Coccus (pl. cocci): Spherical – Bacillus (pl. bacilli): Rod-shaped – Vibrio (pl. vibrios): Comma-shaped – Spirillum (pl. spirilla):

NCERT-NEET-Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds of bacteria are present in a handful of soil. They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life forms can survive. Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites Read More »

NCERT-NEET-Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on slothbear).

NCERT-NEET-Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on slothbear).

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Algae and their Main Characteristics Category Description Examples Habitat Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, and largely aquatic (both freshwater and marine) organisms. They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils, and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear). Lichen, Marine algae (on sloth

NCERT-NEET-Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largelyaquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in avariety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on slothbear). Read More »

NCERT-NEET-classification within angiosperms to understand some of the concerns that influenced the classification systems. The earliest systems of classification used only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure (system given by Linnaeus). Such systems were artificial; they separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristics. Also, the artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment

NCERT-NEET-classification within angiosperms to understand some of the concerns that influenced the classification systems. The earliest systems of classification used only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure (system given by Linnaeus). Such systems were artificial; they separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristics. Also, the artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment

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Name of System Given by Basis Merits Drawbacks Artificial System Linnaeus Gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves; based mainly on vegetative characters or androecium structure Simple and easy to use Quick identification Separates closely related species based on a few characteristics Gives equal weightage to vegetative and sexual

NCERT-NEET-classification within angiosperms to understand some of the concerns that influenced the classification systems. The earliest systems of classification used only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure (system given by Linnaeus). Such systems were artificial; they separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristics. Also, the artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment Read More »

NEET-NCERT-In Linnaeus’ time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. This system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi)organisms. Classification of organisms into plants and animals was easilydone and was easy to understand, but, a large number of organisms did not fall into either category. Hence the two kingdom classification used for a long time was found inadequate. Besides, gross morphology a need was also felt for including other characteristics

NEET-NCERT-In Linnaeus’ time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. This system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi)organisms. Classification of organisms into plants and animals was easilydone and was easy to understand, but, a large number of organisms did not fall into either category. Hence the two kingdom classification used for a long time was found inadequate. Besides, gross morphology a need was also felt for including other characteristics

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Classification System Kingdoms Included Description Basis of Classification Very Early Classification – Non-scientific. Was done instinctively not using criteria that were scientific but borne out of a need to use organisms for our own use – for food, shelter and clothing. First Early Scientific Classification 1. Plantae2. Animalia Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a

NEET-NCERT-In Linnaeus’ time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. This system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi)organisms. Classification of organisms into plants and animals was easilydone and was easy to understand, but, a large number of organisms did not fall into either category. Hence the two kingdom classification used for a long time was found inadequate. Besides, gross morphology a need was also felt for including other characteristics Read More »

NCERT-NEET-In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of lichens and some acellular organisms like viruses, viroids and prions. These are briefly introduced here.

NCERT-NEET-In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of lichens and some acellular organisms like viruses, viroids and prions. These are briefly introduced here.

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Type Characteristics Viruses – Non-cellular organisms with inert crystalline structure outside the living cell. – Infect host cells and take over their machinery to replicate, killing the host. – Recognized by Dmitri Ivanowsky (1892) as causal organisms of tobacco mosaic disease. – Named “virus” by M.W. Beijerinek (1898). – W.M. Stanley (1935) showed viruses could

NCERT-NEET-In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of lichens and some acellular organisms like viruses, viroids and prions. These are briefly introduced here. Read More »

NCERT-NEET-The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division of the kingdom into various classes.

NCERT-NEET-The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division of the kingdom into various classes.

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Fungal Classes Comparison Characters Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes Habitat Aquatic habitats, decaying wood in moist and damp places, obligate parasites on plants. Saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic, coprophilous (growing on dung). Soil, logs, tree stumps, living plant bodies as parasites (rusts, smuts). Saprophytes, parasites, decomposers of litter, help in mineral cycling. Mycelium Aseptate and coenocytic. Branched and

NCERT-NEET-The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division of the kingdom into various classes. Read More »